• 163 questions

NYS DMV 19A Written Test: Article 19-A Law Practice

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Damage to a bus above what amount makes a crash an 'accident' under section 509-a(7)?

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Unofficial practice questions, not affiliated with the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles or your employer. Bank checked October 4, 2026.

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All 163 questions

Who and what is covered 19

  • A carrier under U.S. Department of Transportation motor carrier regulations is exempt under section 509-n(1). Which yearly duty does it keep? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-n(1)
  • A crash with no damage over the dollar amounts is still an 'accident' under section 509-a(7) in which case? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(7)
  • A mechanic moves an empty bus between the garage and the repair bay as part of the job. How does section 509-a(2) treat the mechanic? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(2)
  • A self-employed person is a bus driver under section 509-a(2) when the person does what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(2)
  • A vehicle operated by a transit authority or municipality is a bus under section 509-a(1)(e) when it is what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(1)
  • A volunteer who drives a bus with passengers is not a bus driver under Article 19-A when the driving is for fewer than how many days each year? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(2)
  • An exempt carrier is asked by the commissioner for its federal driver records. Within how many days must it furnish them? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-n(3)
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Who and what is covered, continued

  • Damage to a bus above what amount makes a crash an 'accident' under section 509-a(7)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(7)
  • Damage to one person's property above what amount makes a crash an 'accident' under section 509-a(7)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(7)
  • The exemption in section 509-n(1)(ii) is for a carrier that did not operate in the state last calendar year more than what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-n(1)
  • How does section 509-a(7) treat a bus driver's accident that happens outside New York? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(7)
  • Paragraph (a) of the Article 19-A definition of bus speaks of carrying persons under what age to a place of instruction? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(1)
  • Under section 509-a, a vehicle used to take persons under 21 to instruction is a bus when it seats more than how many adults besides the driver? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(1)
  • What does 'intoxicating liquor' include in Article 19-A? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(4)
  • When is an authorized emergency vehicle outside the Article 19-A definition of bus? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(1)
  • Which carrier cannot use the exemption in section 509-n(1)(i)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-n(1)
  • Which places does section 509-a(1)(a) list by name among the places of instruction a bus may serve? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(1)
  • Which vehicle does section 509-a(1) say is not a bus? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(1)
  • Who is a motor carrier under section 509-a(3)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-a(3)

Qualifying, hiring and carrier files 30

  • A bus driver starts work, leaves or is disqualified. Within how many days must the motor carrier notify the commissioner? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(4)
  • A carrier files no affidavit of compliance. What may the commissioner do under section 509-j(d)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-j(d)
  • A carrier receives a bus driver's out-of-state driving record. Within how many days of receipt does a copy go to the department? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(6)
  • A first violation of Article 19-A by a motor carrier brings a civil penalty of at least $500 and at most how much per violation? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-j(e)
  • At least how often does the department review the bus driver files of each motor carrier? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-m(1)
  • Before employing a new bus driver, a carrier obtains driving records from every state where the person lived, worked or was licensed in the preceding how many years? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(1)
  • Besides driving records, what must a carrier investigate for the preceding three years before employing a new bus driver? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(1)
  • The carrier's yearly report under section 509-d(7) gives convictions and accidents per how many miles traveled? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(7)
  • The fee for a school bus driver's criminal history check may be no more than how much over the commissioner's cost? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(2)
  • For how long does a motor carrier keep the listed records in each bus driver's file? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(3)
  • For how long may a conditional school bus driver operate a bus without a written extension? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-h
  • The higher carrier penalty in section 509-j(e) is for a second or later violation committed within what period? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-j(e)
  • How does the criminal history check of a new school bus driver begin under section 509-d(2)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(2)
  • How often must a motor carrier send the commissioner an affidavit of compliance with Article 19-A? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-j(c)
  • How old must a person be to be qualified to operate a bus under section 509-b? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-b(1)
  • May a motor carrier set qualifications stricter than those of Article 19-A? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-j(b)
  • Records show a pending charge that would disqualify a school bus applicant. What must the carrier require under section 509-d(2)(b)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(2)
  • What does a carrier call a new school bus driver while it waits for the department's word on qualification? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(2)
  • What does section 509-h forbid a motor carrier to do knowingly? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-h
  • What fine does a court impose on conviction for violating a provision of Article 19-A? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-o
  • What license does section 509-b(2) require of a bus driver? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-b(2)
  • What must a new bus driver pass before a motor carrier employs the driver, under section 509-d(1)(i)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(1)
  • What must the department's notice of disqualification tell a school bus applicant? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(2)
  • When the department tells a carrier that a school bus driver is disqualified on a criminal history report, what does the notice leave out? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-m(5)
  • Which of these is one of the four qualifications listed in section 509-b? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-b(3)
  • Which record does section 509-d(3) place in the bus driver's file? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(3)
  • Who fills in the department's driving-history form for a bus driver when a prospective employer asks? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-m(7)
  • Who may ask a motor carrier for a copy of its section 509-d(7) report? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-d(7)
  • Who may extend a conditional school bus driver's ninety days under section 509-h? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-h
  • Who must be instructed in Article 19-A under section 509-j(a)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-j(a)

Reviews, exams and road tests 30

  • A bus driver refuses, after reasonable notice, to take the reexamination. What may the commissioner do? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(4)
  • At least how often must a motor carrier review the driving record of each bus driver it employs? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-e
  • The behind-the-wheel test covers braking and what else, in the words of section 509-g(4)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(4)
  • Does the yearly list under section 509-f cover a violation or accident outside New York? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-f
  • How many accidents in an eighteen-month period make a bus driver subject to reexamination under section 509-bb? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(1)
  • How often does section 509-g(1) require a bus driver's examination by a physician, nurse practitioner or physician assistant? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(1)
  • How often does section 509-g(4) require a behind-the-wheel driving test of each bus driver? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(4)
  • How often must each bus driver complete the knowledge examination of section 509-g(5)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(5)
  • In the yearly review, the carrier weighs violations that show the bus driver has exhibited what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-e
  • In what form may the biennial knowledge examination of section 509-g(5) be given? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(5)
  • May the behind-the-wheel driving test be given during a bus driver's normal daily operations? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(4)
  • On what vehicle is a road test required by section 509-bb given? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(2)
  • The three accidents that lead to a bus driver's reexamination must fall within what period? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(1)
  • Under section 509-g(3), a bus driver's defensive driving is regularly observed while the driver operates what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(3)
  • What goes with the annual check of the past driving record in section 509-g(2)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(2)
  • What happens to the observations of a bus driver's defensive driving? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(3)
  • What lets a bus driver have one accident not counted under section 509-bb(3)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(3)
  • What license does the commissioner issue when a bus driver passes a reexamination required by section 509-bb? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(5)
  • What must a bus driver show the use of during the behind-the-wheel test? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(4)
  • Which accidents are left out when counting toward reexamination under section 509-bb? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-bb(1)
  • Which drivers must be in drug and alcohol testing under section 509-g(6), whatever license endorsement they hold? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(6)
  • Which item is on the statute's list for the behind-the-wheel driving test? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(4)
  • Which pair of maneuvers closes the statute's list for the behind-the-wheel test? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(4)
  • Which test does section 509-g(1) name as part of the biennial examination? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(1)
  • Which three subjects does the section 509-g(5) examination test? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(5)
  • Which two kinds of drug and alcohol testing does section 509-g(6) require for school bus drivers? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(6)
  • Which violations may a bus driver leave off the yearly list given to the carrier under section 509-f? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-f
  • Who carries out the observation of defensive driving under section 509-g(3)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(3)
  • Who may not give a bus driver the biennial examination under section 509-g(1)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(1)
  • Who must require a bus driver to complete the biennial knowledge examination? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-g(5)

Disqualification 16

  • A bus driver fails the road test given on reexamination. What does section 509-c(2)(f) allow? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • A bus driver is convicted of violating subdivision three of section 511, on operating while suspended or revoked. What is the disqualification under section 509-c(2)(c)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • A bus driver is convicted under section 1192 for an offense committed while driving a bus for a motor carrier. For how long is the driver disqualified? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • A bus driver's license is suspended for violating section 1192. The disqualification under section 509-c(2)(g) lasts at least how long? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • A bus driver's license was suspended in another state and never reinstated. What does section 509-c(3) say? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(3)
  • A certificate offered to waive a school bus driver's disqualification must show that the granting authority considered what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-cc(1)
  • A permanent disqualification under section 509-c may be waived once how many years have passed since release from the sentence of imprisonment? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • After a reexamination, a bus driver has two more accidents within eighteen months. What does section 509-c(2)(e) provide? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • For how long is a bus driver disqualified under section 509-c(2)(d) for nine or more points? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • How can a bus driver end the points disqualification of section 509-c before the year is out? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • How many points for acts in an eighteen month period disqualify a bus driver for one year under section 509-c(2)(d)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • To decide whether a prospective school bus driver is disqualified, the department sends fingerprints to which state agency? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-cc(5)
  • Two section 1192 convictions within what period disqualify a bus driver for five years under section 509-c(2)(b)(ii)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • Where else may the department send a prospective school bus driver's fingerprints under section 509-cc(5)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-cc(5)
  • Which conviction disqualifies a bus driver for five years under section 509-c(2)(b)(iii)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)
  • Which paper must an applicant hold for a waiver of permanent disqualification under section 509-c? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-c(2)

Reporting, fitness and alcohol 20

  • A bus driver gets a notice that the license is suspended. By when must the driver tell the motor carrier? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(1)
  • A bus driver is convicted of a traffic infraction in another state while on vacation. Must the employer be told? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(1-a)
  • A bus driver is convicted of a traffic infraction. Within what time must the driver notify the employer? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(1-a)
  • A bus driver is convicted of an offense that section 509-c lists as disqualifying. How must the carrier be told? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(2)
  • A carrier may not let a school bus driver be on duty who appears to have consumed liquor within the preceding how many hours? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-l(2)
  • At whose request is a bus driver's illness or fatigue certified under section 509-k? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-k
  • Does section 509-k reach a bus driver who is not yet impaired but is likely to become so? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-k
  • Does the six hour rule of section 509-l depend on how strong the drink is? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-l(1)
  • The five working days a bus driver has to report an accident to the employer run from which date? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(1-b)
  • In a grave emergency where stopping would add to the hazard, how far may an impaired bus driver continue under section 509-k? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-k
  • On what may a carrier rest its view that a bus driver appears to have consumed liquor, under section 509-l(2)(b)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-l(2)
  • On whom does section 509-k place the duty about an ill or fatigued bus operator? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-k
  • Section 509-k bars driving a bus when the driver's ability or alertness is impaired by what? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-k
  • Section 509-l bars consuming intoxicating liquor within how many hours before going on duty or operating a bus? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-l(1)
  • What does a bus driver face for not reporting an accident to the employer within the time section 509-i(1-b) allows? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(1-b)
  • What does a bus driver face for not telling the carrier of a license suspension or revocation? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(1)
  • What must a motor carrier do with a driver who fails to give the written notice section 509-i(2) requires? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(2)
  • What must motor carriers set up with the department to pay for notices of drivers' convictions and accidents? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(4)
  • When the commissioner learns that a bus driver's license has been revoked, whom does the commissioner notify? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-i(3)
  • Which possession does section 509-l(1)(c) allow a bus driver on duty? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 509-l(1)

Railroad crossings and bus stops 13

  • A second school bus halts behind one that is loading pupils. Does section 1174(a) cover the second bus? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1174(a)
  • A second violation of section 1171 brings the higher penalty when both were committed within what period? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(f)
  • Before a school bus moves, discharged passengers must be at least how far from the bus under section 1174(b)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1174(b)
  • Besides the distance from the bus, where must discharged passengers be before a school bus driver moves on? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1174(b)
  • For section 1174, 'public highway' also takes in which places? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1174(a)
  • How long does a school bus stay halted with red signal lights flashing for passengers who are crossing the road? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1174(b)
  • Pupils leaving a school bus must cross the road. What must the driver tell them under section 1174(b)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1174(b)
  • Section 1171(a) of the Vehicle and Traffic Law gives two distances from the nearest rail for a New York bus driver's stop. Which pair is it? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(a)
  • What does section 1171(a) say about gears when a bus crosses the tracks after its stop? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(a)
  • What is the highest fine for a first conviction under section 1171? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(f)
  • When does section 1171(b) excuse a bus from the stop at a railroad grade crossing? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(b)
  • Which buses does section 1171(a) require to stop at railroad grade crossings? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(a)
  • While stopped at a railroad crossing under section 1171, what must the bus driver do? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1171(a)

School bus lamps, signs and belts 35

  • A 'charter bus' in section 1229-c is a bus manufactured or assembled on or after which date? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-c(4)
  • A school bus stops behind a vehicle that has its red signal lamps lighted. Within what distance must it light its own? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • A school bus stops being used to carry pupils. Within what time must its school bus equipment, markings and paint be removed and changed? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • A school bus with its engine ahead of the driver, seating more than twelve school children, carries a convex mirror of at least what diameter? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • A second stop-arm is required on a school bus made for use in New York on or after January 1, 2002 when it is designed for how many persons? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(21-c)
  • After dark, the 'SCHOOL BUS' signs are lighted so as to be visible from what distance? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • Back-up beepers are required on every school bus manufactured for use in New York after which date? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(21-g)
  • During which hours must the 'SCHOOL BUS' signs be illuminated when the bus is on a public highway? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • From what age must a passenger on a charter bus be restrained by a safety belt under section 1229-c(3-d)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-c(3-d)
  • From what distance must each 'SCHOOL BUS' sign be visible and readable? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • How many 'SCHOOL BUS' signs must be displayed on the exterior of the bus? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • How often at the least is the training of section 1229-d(4) given to an attendant who serves students with a disability? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-d(4)
  • How often is the emergency information about pupils with a disability updated at the least? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • How tall must the letters of the 'SCHOOL BUS' signs be at the least? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • How wide must each stroke of each letter on a 'SCHOOL BUS' sign be at the least? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • How wide must the horizontal strips of reflective material on a school bus be at the least? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(21-h)
  • In what color are the words 'SCHOOL BUS' lettered on the signs section 375(20)(b) requires? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • School bus passengers under what age must ride in a specially designed seat or other approved restraining device under section 1229-c(11)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-c(11)
  • Section 375(24) bars a television set in the operator's view. What may a school bus use all the same? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(24)
  • Subdivision 20 of section 375 applies to an omnibus used only to carry pupils when it seats more than how many passengers? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • To which other buses do the Vehicle and Traffic Law's school bus provisions apply with equal force under section 375(20)(h)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • What color is the background of each 'SCHOOL BUS' sign? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • What does section 1229-c(13) require on a school bus for which no federal school bus safety standards apply? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-c(13)
  • What is a 'school bus attendant' in section 1229-d? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-d(1)
  • What is needed before a bus on a regular route keeps emergency contact information about a pupil with a disability? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • What must a school bus driver do with the other required signal lamps before stopping to load or unload? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • What must the convex mirror of section 375(20)(e) let the seated school bus driver observe? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • What must the reflective material on the rear of a school bus outline? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(21-h)
  • When must a bus covered by section 375(20) run with headlights and taillights on? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • When must a school bus driver keep the red signal lamps lighted under section 375(20)(a)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • Where does section 375(20)(a) put the flashing red signal lamps on a school bus that seats more than fifteen children? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • Where does section 375(21-c) place a school bus's second stop-arm? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(21-c)
  • Which is an affirmative defense to a charter bus seat belt charge under section 1229-c(5)? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 1229-c(5)
  • Which school bus must display the universal handicapped symbol on its exterior? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)
  • Who may see the emergency information kept on a bus about a pupil with a disability, in the ordinary case? N.Y. Vehicle and Traffic Law § 375(20)

How this list was compiled: Written from the New York Vehicle and Traffic Law: Article 19-A, Special Requirements for Bus Drivers (sections 509-a to 509-o), and the bus rules in sections 1171 (railroad grade crossings), 1174 (school bus stops), 375 subdivisions 20 to 24 (school bus lamps, signs and equipment), 1229-c (safety seats and belts) and 1229-d (school bus attendants). The text was read on 2026-10-04 in the public copy at https://newyork.public.law/laws/n.y._vehicle_and_traffic_law_article_19-a, which names the New York State Senate's page for each section as its own source and gives the date that page was last updated. Licence: Own work. Questions, answer choices and explanations were written for this site from the statute text; nothing is copied from another practice test, from a carrier's examination or from a state form. Short quotations from the statute are marked.

How it works

Under section 509-g(5), each motor carrier has its bus drivers take "a written or oral examination" every two years, in part on "the laws regulating driving a bus in this state." These unofficial law questions practice that part.

Read the full guide

The law behind the 19-A written test

Article 19-A is sections 509-a to 509-o of New York's Vehicle and Traffic Law. Five groups under Start from follow it: who is covered, hiring and carrier files, reviews and tests, disqualification, and what a driver must report.

Crossings, stops and school bus equipment

Two groups leave the article for bus rules elsewhere in the same law: the railroad crossing stop of section 1171, a school bus driver's duties at a stop in section 1174, and the lamps, signs and belts of sections 375 and 1229-c.

Rules of the road are on another page

The examination also covers the rules of the road and defensive driving. This page asks neither. The New York permit practice test asks the rules every driver meets.

  • Each explanation names its section. Statutes are amended, so the section itself has the last word.
  • The statute was read in a public copy on October 4, 2026, not on the state's own site.

Questions and answers

Is this the real NYS DMV 19A written test?

No. Section 509-g(5) has each motor carrier give the examination to its own drivers. Neither the Department of Motor Vehicles nor any carrier wrote or reviewed these questions. Each was written for this site from the statute section it names.

How often is the 19-A written test given?

Every two years. Section 509-g(5) says carriers shall require each driver "biennially" to complete a written or oral examination, and that it may be conducted during the driver's normal daily operations.

How many questions are on the 19-A written test?

The statute does not say. Section 509-g(5) prints no number of questions, no time limit and no pass mark, and the Commissioner's regulations were not read for this page. The motor carrier that gives the examination can say.

What else does Article 19-A require of a bus driver?

Section 509-g also lists a medical examination every two years, a yearly check of the driving record with a personal interview, regular observation of defensive driving, and a behind-the-wheel driving test every two years.

Who is a bus driver under Article 19-A?

Section 509-a covers a person who drives a bus for a motor carrier, for hire or profit when self-employed, or as a volunteer. It leaves out mechanics who move a bus without passengers and volunteers who drive under thirty days a year.

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