Extra Class Ham Radio Practice Test

Answer Extra Class pool questions one at a time; each tap shows the keyed choice, its reason and pool number.

Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations?

Pool question E1E02

Pick an answer, then press Check answer. Then you see Correct or Not quite, with the reason. Keys: 1 to 4 pick, Enter checks.

Print covers the next 50 questions. Share this set copies a link to the same questions in the same order.

Exam mode: 50 questions, no time limit, 37 right to pass (74%).

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Unofficial practice questions, not affiliated with the National Conference of Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (NCVEC). Bank checked October 2, 2026.

Question pool: 2024-2028 Amateur Extra Class (Element 4) question pool, NCVEC, 4th errata of February 4, 2026, valid from July 1, 2024 to June 30, 2028.

All 571 questions

E1: Commission Rules 68

  • Amateur stations may not transmit in which of the following frequency segments if they are located in the contiguous 48 states and north of Line A? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F05; 47 CFR 97.303
  • Except in some parts of Alaska, what is the maximum power permitted on the 630-meter band? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A09; 47 CFR 97.313(l)
  • For which types of out-of-pocket expenses do the Part 97 rules state that VEs and VECs may be reimbursed? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E01; 47 CFR 97.527
  • How long must an operator wait after filing a notification with the Utilities Technology Council (UTC) before operating on the 2200-meter or 630-meter band? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C03; 47 CFR 97.303(g)
  • If a station in a message forwarding system inadvertently forwards a message that is in violation of FCC rules, who is primarily accountable for the rules violation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A08; 47 CFR 97.219
  • If an amateur station is installed aboard a ship or aircraft, what condition must be met before the station is operated? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A10; 47 CFR 97.11
Show all 571 questions (565 more)

E1: Commission Rules, continued

  • In what portion of the 630-meter band are phone emissions permitted? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C12; 47 CFR 97.305(c)
  • May an Extra class operator answer the CQ of a station on 3.601 MHz LSB phone? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A04; 47 CFR 97.301, 97.305
  • On what frequencies are spread spectrum transmissions permitted? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F01; 47 CFR 97.305
  • To what type of regulations does PRB-1 apply? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B07; 47 CFR 97.15
  • To which of the following examinees may a VE not administer an examination? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E08; 47 CFR 97.509
  • Under what circumstances may a dealer sell an external RF power amplifier capable of operation below 144 MHz if it has not been granted FCC certification? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F03; 47 CFR 97.315
  • Under what circumstances might the FCC issue a Special Temporary Authority (STA) to an amateur station? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F06; 47 CFR 1.931
  • Under what situation may a station transmit third party communications while being automatically controlled? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C05; 47 CFR 97.221(c)(1), 97.115(c)
  • What does PRB-1 require of state and local regulations affecting amateur radio antenna size and structures? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B11; 47 CFR 97.15
  • What frequencies are authorized to an amateur station operating under RACES rules? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B10; 47 CFR 97.407
  • What is a space telecommand station? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D03; 47 CFR 97.3(a)(45)
  • What is a Volunteer Examiner Coordinator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E03; 47 CFR 97.521
  • What is an IARP? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C04
  • What is required to be accredited as a Volunteer Examiner? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E04; 47 CFR 97.509, 97.525
  • What is the definition of telemetry? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D01; 47 CFR 97.3
  • What is the highest legal carrier frequency on the 20-meter band for transmitting a 2.8 kHz wide USB data signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A03; 47 CFR 97.305, 97.307(b)
  • What is the highest modulation index permitted at the highest modulation frequency for angle modulation below 29.0 MHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C09; 47 CFR 97.307
  • What is the maximum bandwidth for a data emission on 60 meters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C01; 47 CFR 97.303
  • What is the maximum mean power level for a spurious emission below 30 MHz with respect to the fundamental emission? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C10; 47 CFR 97.307
  • What is the maximum permissible duration of a remotely controlled station’s transmissions if its control link malfunctions? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C08; 47 CFR 97.213
  • What is the maximum permitted transmitter output power when operating a model craft by telecommand? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D06; 47 CFR 97.215(c)
  • What is the maximum power permitted on the 2200-meter band? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A07; 47 CFR 97.313(k)
  • What is the National Radio Quiet Zone? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B05; 47 CFR 97.3
  • What is the required transmit frequency of a CW signal for channelized 60 meter operation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A06; 47 CFR 97.303(h)(1)
  • What licensing is required when operating an amateur station aboard a US-registered vessel in international waters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A11; 47 CFR 97.5
  • What limitations may the FCC place on an amateur station if its signal causes interference to domestic broadcast reception, assuming that the receivers involved are of good engineering design? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B08; 47 CFR 97.121
  • What may be the penalty for a VE who fraudulently administers or certifies an examination? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E09; 47 CFR 97.509
  • What must be posted at the location of a station being operated by telecommand on or within 50 kilometers of the Earth’s surface? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D05; 47 CFR 97.213(d)
  • What must the administering VEs do after the administration of a successful examination for an amateur operator license? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E10; 47 CFR 97.509(m)
  • What must the control operator of a repeater operating in the 70-centimeter band do if a radiolocation system experiences interference from that repeater? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B04; 47 CFR 97.303(b)
  • What must the VE team do if an examinee scores a passing grade on all examination elements needed for an upgrade or new license? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E11; 47 CFR 97.509(i)
  • What must the VE team do with the application form if the examinee does not pass the exam? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E05; 47 CFR 97.509(j)
  • What notifications must be given before transmitting on the 630- or 2200-meter bands? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C07; 47 CFR 97.303(g)
  • What privileges are authorized in the US to persons holding an amateur service license granted by the government of Canada? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F02; 47 CFR 97.107
  • What should a VE do if a candidate fails to comply with the examiner’s instructions during an amateur operator license examination? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E07; 47 CFR 97.509, 97.511
  • When may an amateur station send a message to a business? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F07; 47 CFR 97.113
  • When using a transceiver that displays the carrier frequency of phone signals, which of the following displayed frequencies represents the lowest frequency at which a properly adjusted LSB emission will be totally within the band? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A02; 47 CFR 97.301, 97.305
  • Which amateur stations are eligible to be telecommand stations of space stations, subject to the privileges of the class of operator license held by the control operator of the station? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D10; 47 CFR 97.211
  • Which amateur stations are eligible to operate as Earth stations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D11; 47 CFR 97.209
  • Which amateur stations may be operated under RACES rules? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B09; 47 CFR 97.407
  • Which of the following additional rules apply if you are erecting an amateur station antenna structure at a site at or near a public use airport? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B06; 47 CFR 97.15
  • Which of the following amateur stations may transmit one-way communications? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D12; 47 CFR 97.207(e), 97.203(g)
  • Which of the following apply to communications transmitted to amateur stations in foreign countries? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C02; 47 CFR 97.117
  • Which of the following best describes one of the standards that must be met by an external RF power amplifier if it is to qualify for a grant of FCC certification? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F11; 47 CFR 97.317
  • Which of the following cannot be transmitted over an amateur radio mesh network? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F09; 47 CFR 97.113(a)(4)
  • Which of the following constitutes a spurious emission? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B01; 47 CFR 97.3
  • Which of the following geographic descriptions approximately describes "Line A"? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F04; 47 CFR 97.3
  • Which of the following HF amateur bands include allocations for space stations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D07; 47 CFR 97.207
  • Which of the following is an acceptable bandwidth for digital voice or slow-scan TV transmissions made on the HF amateur bands? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B02; 47 CFR 97.307(f)(2)
  • Which of the following is required in order to operate in accordance with CEPT rules in foreign countries where permitted? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C06
  • Which of the following is required in the identification transmissions from a balloon-borne telemetry station? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D04; 47 CFR 97.119(a)
  • Which of the following may transmit encrypted messages? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D02; 47 CFR 97.211(b)
  • Which of the following operating arrangements allows an FCC-licensed US citizen to operate in many European countries, and amateurs from many European countries to operate in the US? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1C11; 47 CFR 97.5
  • Which of the following types of amateur station communications are prohibited? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F08; 47 CFR 97.113(c)
  • Which UHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D09; 47 CFR 97.207
  • Which VHF amateur bands have frequencies authorized for space stations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1D08; 47 CFR 97.207
  • Who is responsible for the proper conduct and necessary supervision during an amateur operator license examination session? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E06; 47 CFR 97.509
  • Who is tasked by Part 97 with maintaining the pools of questions for all US amateur license examinations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1E02; 47 CFR 97.523
  • Who may be the control operator of an auxiliary station? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1F10; 47 CFR 97.201
  • Who must be in physical control of the station apparatus of an amateur station aboard any vessel or craft that is documented or registered in the United States? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A05; 47 CFR 97.5
  • Why is it not legal to transmit a 3 kHz bandwidth USB signal with a carrier frequency of 14.348 MHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1A01; 47 CFR 97.305, 97.307(b)
  • Within what distance must an amateur station protect an FCC monitoring facility from harmful interference? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E1B03; 47 CFR 97.13

E2: Operating Procedures 60

  • During a VHF/UHF contest, in which band segment would you expect to find the highest level of SSB or CW activity? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C06
  • From which of the following bands is amateur radio contesting generally excluded? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C03
  • How do ALE stations establish contact? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E12
  • How do APRS stations relay data? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D11
  • How does Q65 differ from JT65? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E07
  • How is an interlaced scanning pattern generated in a fast-scan (NTSC) television system? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B03
  • How is an upload signal processed by an inverting linear transponder? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A03
  • How is color information sent in analog SSTV? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B04
  • How many horizontal lines make up a fast-scan (NTSC) television frame? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B02
  • How should you generally identify your station when attempting to contact a DX station during a contest or in a pileup? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C11
  • In digital television, what does a coding rate of 3/4 mean? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B01
  • To what does the "4" in FT4 refer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E03
  • What are Keplerian elements? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A06
  • What aspect of an analog slow-scan television signal encodes the brightness of the picture? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B10
  • What digital protocol is used by APRS? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D07
  • What do the letters in a satellite’s mode designator specify? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A05
  • What do the terms “L band” and “S band” specify? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A09
  • What does the packet path WIDE3-1 designate? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D10
  • What indicates the delay between a control operator action and the corresponding change in the transmitted signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C12
  • What indicator is required to be used by US-licensed operators when operating a station via remote control and the remote transmitter is located in the US? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C01
  • What information replaces signal-to-noise ratio when using the FT8 or FT4 modes in a VHF contest? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D02
  • What is meant by the “mode” of an amateur radio satellite? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A04
  • What is the Cabrillo format? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C07
  • What is the characteristic of the JT65 mode? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D05
  • What is the difference between direct FSK and audio FSK? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E11
  • What is the direction of an ascending pass for an amateur satellite? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A01
  • What is the function of a DX QSL Manager? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C05
  • What is the function of the vertical interval signaling (VIS) code sent as part of an SSTV transmission? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B11
  • What is the length of an FT8 transmission cycle? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E06
  • What is the purpose of digital store-and-forward functions on an amateur radio satellite? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A12
  • What is vestigial sideband modulation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B06
  • What kind of receiver can be used to receive and decode SSTV using the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) protocol? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B09
  • What signals SSTV receiving software to begin a new picture line? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B12
  • What technique allows commercial analog TV receivers to be used for fast-scan TV operations on the 70-centimeter band? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B08
  • What technology is used for real-time tracking of balloons carrying amateur radio transmitters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D04
  • What type of antenna can be used to minimize the effects of spin modulation and Faraday rotation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A11
  • What type of equipment is commonly used to implement an amateur radio mesh network? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C09
  • What type of modulation is used by JT65? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D09
  • What type of packet frame is used to transmit APRS beacon data? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D08
  • What type of satellite appears to stay in one position in the sky? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A10
  • Which of the following contacts may be confirmed through the Logbook of The World (LoTW)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C08
  • Which of the following describes the use of vestigial sideband in analog fast-scan TV transmissions? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B05
  • Which of the following digital modes is designed for EME communications? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D03
  • Which of the following digital modes is designed for meteor scatter communications? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D01
  • Which of the following file formats is used for exchanging amateur radio log data? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C02
  • Which of the following frequencies can be used for amateur radio mesh networks? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C04
  • Which of the following HF digital modes can be used to transfer binary files? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E08
  • Which of the following HF digital modes uses variable-length character coding? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E09
  • Which of the following is a method for establishing EME contacts? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2D06
  • Which of the following is characteristic of an inverting linear transponder? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A02
  • Which of the following is characteristic of the FST4 mode? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E04
  • Which of the following synchronizes WSJT-X digital mode transmit/receive timing? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E02
  • Which of the following types of modulation is used for data emissions below 30 MHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E01
  • Which of the following types of signals can be relayed through a linear transponder? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A07
  • Which of these digital modes does not support keyboard-to-keyboard operation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E05
  • Which of these digital modes has the highest data throughput under clear communication conditions? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E13
  • Which of these digital modes has the narrowest bandwidth? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2E10
  • Which types of modulation are used for amateur television DVB-T signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2B07
  • Why do DX stations often transmit and receive on different frequencies? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2C10
  • Why should effective radiated power (ERP) be limited to a satellite that uses a linear transponder? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E2A08

E3: Radio Wave Propagation 39

  • At what time of day is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B11
  • At what time of day is transequatorial propagation most likely to occur? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B03
  • At what time of year is sporadic-E propagation most likely to occur? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B09
  • Atmospheric ducts capable of propagating microwave signals often form over what geographic feature? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A07
  • How are the component fields of an electromagnetic wave oriented? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A05
  • How does the maximum range of ground-wave propagation change when the signal frequency is increased? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B08
  • How does the VHF/UHF radio horizon compare to the geographic horizon? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C06
  • In what direction does an electromagnetic wave travel? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A04
  • On which of the following amateur bands is long-path propagation most frequent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B06
  • What are circularly polarized electromagnetic waves? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A14
  • What are “extraordinary” and “ordinary” waves? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B04
  • What characterizes libration fading of an EME signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A02
  • What determines the speed of electromagnetic waves through a medium? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A10
  • What does the 304A solar parameter measure? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C10
  • What does the value of Bz (B sub z) represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C04
  • What does VOACAP software model? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C11
  • What effect does lowering a signal’s transmitted elevation angle have on ionospheric HF skip propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B07
  • What is a typical range for tropospheric duct propagation of microwave signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A11
  • What is chordal-hop propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B12
  • What is indicated by a rising A-index or K-index? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C02
  • What is most likely to result in auroral propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A12
  • What is the approximate maximum range for signals using transequatorial propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B02
  • What is the approximate maximum separation measured along the surface of the Earth between two stations communicating by EME? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A01
  • What is the cause of short-term radio blackouts? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C01
  • What is the effect of chordal-hop propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B10
  • What orientation of Bz (B sub z) increases the likelihood that charged particles from the Sun will cause disturbed conditions? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C05
  • What should be done to continue a long-distance contact when the MUF for that path decreases due to darkness? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A06
  • What type of data is reported by amateur radio propagation reporting networks? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C09
  • What type of polarization is supported by ground-wave propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B13
  • When a meteor strikes the Earth’s atmosphere, a linear ionized region is formed at what region of the ionosphere? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A08
  • When scheduling EME contacts, which of these conditions will generally result in the least path loss? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A03
  • Where is transequatorial propagation (TEP) most likely to occur? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B01
  • Which of the following frequency ranges is most suited for meteor-scatter communications? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A09
  • Which of the following indicates the greatest solar flare intensity? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C07
  • Which of the following is indicated by a sudden rise in radio background noise across a large portion of the HF spectrum? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C12
  • Which of the following is the space-weather term for an extreme geomagnetic storm? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C08
  • Which of the following paths is most likely to support long-distance propagation on 160 meters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3B05
  • Which of the following signal paths is most likely to experience high levels of absorption when the A-index or K-index is elevated? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3C03
  • Which of these emission modes is best for auroral propagation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E3A13

E4: Amateur Practices 63

  • An SDR receiver is overloaded when input signals exceed what level? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C08
  • How can conducted noise from an automobile battery charging system be suppressed? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E04
  • How does a narrow-band roofing filter affect receiver performance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C12
  • How is compensation of an oscilloscope probe performed? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A04
  • How much does increasing a receiver’s bandwidth from 50 Hz to 1,000 Hz increase the receiver’s noise floor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C06
  • How much power is being absorbed by the load when a directional power meter connected between a transmitter and a terminating load reads 100 watts forward power and 25 watts reflected power? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B06
  • What causes interference received as a series of carriers at regular intervals across a wide frequency range? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E12
  • What causes intermodulation in an electronic circuit? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D08
  • What could be the cause of local AM broadcast band signals combining to generate spurious signals on the MF or HF bands? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E11
  • What creates intermodulation interference between two repeaters in close proximity? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D03
  • What current flows equally on all conductors of an unshielded multiconductor cable? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E08
  • What do the subscripts of S parameters represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B07
  • What does a receiver noise floor of -174 dBm represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C05
  • What does a third-order intercept level of 40 dBm mean with respect to receiver performance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D10
  • What does the MDS of a receiver represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C07
  • What is an advantage of having a variety of receiver bandwidths from which to select? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C10
  • What is an effect of excessive phase noise in an SDR receiver’s master clock oscillator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C01
  • What is meant by the blocking dynamic range of a receiver? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D01
  • What is reciprocal mixing? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C13
  • What is the effect of aliasing on a digital oscilloscope when displaying a waveform? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A06
  • What is the link margin in a system with a transmit power level of 10 W (+40 dBm), a system antenna gain of 10 dBi, a cable loss of 3 dB, a path loss of 136 dB, a receiver minimum discernable signal of -103 dBm, and a required signal-to-noise ratio of 6 dB? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D12
  • What is the noise figure of a receiver? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C04
  • What is the purpose of a single point ground panel? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E14
  • What is the purpose of the preselector in a communications receiver? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D09
  • What is the purpose of the receiver IF Shift control? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C14
  • What is the purpose of using a prescaler with a frequency counter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A05
  • What is the received signal level with a transmit power of 10 W (+40 dBm), a transmit antenna gain of 6 dBi, a receive antenna gain of 3 dBi, and a path loss of 100 dB? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D13
  • What is the significance of voltmeter sensitivity expressed in ohms per volt? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B02
  • What is the term for the reduction in receiver sensitivity caused by a strong signal near the received frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D06
  • What is the term for the suppression in an FM receiver of one signal by another stronger signal on the same frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C03
  • What is used to suppress radio frequency interference from a line-driven AC motor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E05
  • What power level does a receiver minimum discernible signal of -100 dBm represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D14
  • What problem can occur when using an automatic notch filter (ANF) to remove interfering carriers while receiving CW signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E01
  • What three test loads are used to calibrate an RF vector network analyzer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B05
  • What type of electrical interference can be caused by computer network equipment? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E06
  • What undesirable effect can occur when using a noise blanker? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E09
  • Where should a station AC surge protector be installed? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E13
  • Which of the following can be measured by a two-port vector network analyzer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B09
  • Which of the following can be measured with a vector network analyzer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B11
  • Which of the following can be measured with an antenna analyzer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A11
  • Which of the following can be used to determine the Q of a series-tuned circuit? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B08
  • Which of the following can cause shielded cables to radiate or receive interference? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E07
  • Which of the following can create intermittent loud roaring or buzzing AC line interference? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E10
  • Which of the following choices is a good reason for selecting a high IF for a superheterodyne HF or VHF communications receiver? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C09
  • Which of the following describes problems caused by poor dynamic range in a receiver? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D02
  • Which of the following factors most affects the accuracy of a frequency counter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B01
  • Which of the following is an advantage of using an antenna analyzer compared to an SWR bridge? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A07
  • Which of the following is good practice when using an oscilloscope probe? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A09
  • Which of the following is used to measure SWR? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A08
  • Which of the following is used to reduce or eliminate intermodulation interference in a repeater caused by a nearby transmitter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D04
  • Which of the following limits the highest frequency signal that can be accurately displayed on a digital oscilloscope? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A01
  • Which of the following methods measures intermodulation distortion in an SSB transmitter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B10
  • Which of the following parameters does a spectrum analyzer display on the vertical and horizontal axes? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A02
  • Which of the following receiver circuits can be effective in eliminating interference from strong out-of-band signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C02
  • Which of the following reduces the likelihood of receiver desensitization? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D07
  • Which of the following test instruments is used to display spurious signals and/or intermodulation distortion products generated by an SSB transmitter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A03
  • Which of the following types of noise are removed by a noise blanker? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E03
  • Which of the following types of noise can often be reduced by a digital noise reduction? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4E02
  • Which S parameter is equivalent to forward gain? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B03
  • Which S parameter represents input port return loss or reflection coefficient (equivalent to VSWR)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4B04
  • Which trigger mode is most effective when using an oscilloscope to measure a linear power supply’s output ripple? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4A10
  • Why are odd-order intermodulation products, created within a receiver, of particular interest compared to other products? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4D11
  • Why does input attenuation reduce receiver overload on the lower frequency HF bands with little or no impact on signal-to-noise ratio? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E4C11

E5: Electrical Principles 46

  • As a conductor’s diameter increases, what is the effect on its electrical length? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D10
  • How are impedances described in polar coordinates? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C02
  • How is impedance in polar form converted to an equivalent admittance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B03
  • How is the Q of an RLC parallel resonant circuit calculated? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A09
  • How much real power is consumed in a circuit consisting of a 100-ohm resistor in series with a 100-ohm inductive reactance drawing 1 ampere? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D11
  • What can cause the voltage across reactances in a series RLC circuit to be higher than the voltage applied to the entire circuit? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A01
  • What combines to create the self-resonance of a component? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D07
  • What coordinate system is often used to display the phase angle of a circuit containing resistance, inductive, and/or capacitive reactance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C08
  • What does the impedance 50 - j25 ohms represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C06
  • What happens to reactive power in ideal inductors and capacitors? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D09
  • What is admittance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B12
  • What is an effect of increasing Q in a series resonant circuit? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A13
  • What is reactive power? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D12
  • What is susceptance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B06
  • What is the effect on the magnitude of pure reactance when it is converted to susceptance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B05
  • What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 3.7 MHz and a Q of 118? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A12
  • What is the half-power bandwidth of a resonant circuit that has a resonant frequency of 7.1 MHz and a Q of 150? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A11
  • What is the magnitude of the circulating current within the components of a parallel LC circuit at resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A06
  • What is the magnitude of the current at the input of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A07
  • What is the magnitude of the impedance of a parallel RLC circuit at resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A04
  • What is the magnitude of the impedance of a series RLC circuit at resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A03
  • What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 25 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 75 ohms? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B11
  • What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 300 ohms, R is 100 ohms, and XL is 100 ohms? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B08
  • What is the phase angle between the voltage across and the current through a series RLC circuit if XC is 500 ohms, R is 1 kilohm, and XL is 250 ohms? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B07
  • What is the phase relationship between current and voltage for reactive power? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D03
  • What is the phase relationship between the current through and the voltage across a series resonant circuit at resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A08
  • What is the primary cause of loss in film capacitors at RF? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D08
  • What is the relationship between the AC current through a capacitor and the voltage across a capacitor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B09
  • What is the relationship between the AC current through an inductor and the voltage across an inductor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B10
  • What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 22 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 40 picofarads? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A02
  • What is the resonant frequency of an RLC circuit if R is 33 ohms, L is 50 microhenries, and C is 10 picofarads? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A10
  • What is the result of conductor skin effect? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D01
  • What is the result of increasing the Q of an impedance-matching circuit? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5A05
  • What is the term for the time required for the capacitor in an RC circuit to be charged to 63.2% of the applied voltage or to discharge to 36.8% of its initial voltage? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B01
  • What is the time constant of a circuit having two 220-microfarad capacitors and two 1-megohm resistors, all in parallel? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B04
  • What kind of diagram is used to show the phase relationship between impedances at a given frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C05
  • What letter is commonly used to represent susceptance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5B02
  • What parasitic characteristic causes electrolytic capacitors to be unsuitable for use at RF? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D05
  • What parasitic characteristic creates an inductor’s self-resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D06
  • What type of Y-axis scale is most often used for graphs of circuit frequency response? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C04
  • When using rectangular coordinates to graph the impedance of a circuit, what do the axes represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C09
  • Where is the impedance of a pure resistance plotted on rectangular coordinates? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C07
  • Which of the following represents a pure inductive reactance in polar coordinates? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C03
  • Which of the following represents pure capacitive reactance of 100 ohms in rectangular notation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5C01
  • Why are short connections used at microwave frequencies? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D04
  • Why is it important to keep lead lengths short for components used in circuits for VHF and above? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E5D02

E6: Circuit Components 62

  • How do ferrite and powdered iron compare for use in an inductor core? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D05
  • How does DC input impedance at the gate of a field-effect transistor (FET) compare with that of a bipolar transistor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A05
  • How is power supplied to the most common type of MMIC? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E08
  • In what application is gallium arsenide used as a semiconductor material? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A01
  • What absorbs the energy from light falling on a photovoltaic cell? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F01
  • What advantage does surface-mount technology offer at RF compared to using through-hole components? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E10
  • What best describes a pull-up or pull-down resistor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C07
  • What causes a junction diode to fail from excessive current? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B07
  • What causes inductor saturation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D12
  • What characteristic of a PIN diode makes it useful as an RF switch? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B05
  • What characteristics of MMICs make them a popular choice for VHF through microwave circuits? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E06
  • What core material property determines the inductance of an inductor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D06
  • What devices are commonly used as VHF and UHF parasitic suppressors at the input and output terminals of a transistor HF amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D09
  • What happens to photoconductive material when light shines on it? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F02
  • What happens when the level of a comparator’s input signal crosses the threshold voltage? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C02
  • What is a characteristic of DIP packaging used for integrated circuits? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E11
  • What is a common use for point-contact diodes? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B09
  • What is a depletion-mode field-effect transistor (FET)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A09
  • What is a primary advantage of using a toroidal core instead of a solenoidal core in an inductor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D10
  • What is a solid-state relay? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F07
  • What is piezoelectricity? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D01
  • What is the approximate open-circuit voltage produced by a fully illuminated silicon photovoltaic cell? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F11
  • What is the beta of a bipolar junction transistor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A06
  • What is the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F09
  • What is the equivalent circuit of a quartz crystal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D02
  • What is the function of hysteresis in a comparator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C01
  • What is the most common configuration of an optoisolator or optocoupler? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F03
  • What is the most common material used in power-generating photovoltaic cells? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F10
  • What is the most useful characteristic of a Zener diode? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B01
  • What is the name given to an impurity atom that adds holes to a semiconductor crystal structure? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A04
  • What is the photovoltaic effect? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F04
  • What is the purpose of connecting Zener diodes between a MOSFET gate and its source or drain? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A12
  • What is the term for the frequency at which the grounded-base current gain of a bipolar junction transistor has decreased to 0.7 of the gain obtainable at 1 kHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A08
  • What is tri-state logic? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C03
  • What is used to control the attenuation of RF signals by a PIN diode? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B11
  • What is used to design the configuration of a field-programmable gate array (FPGA)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C09
  • What property of an LED's semiconductor material determines its forward voltage drop? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B03
  • What type of semiconductor device is designed for use as a voltage-controlled capacitor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B04
  • What type of transmission line is often used for connections to MMICs? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E07
  • Which characteristic of a Schottky diode makes it a better choice than a silicon junction diode for use as a power supply rectifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B02
  • Which is the most common input and output impedance of MMICs? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E04
  • Which of the following component package types have the least parasitic effects at frequencies above the HF range? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E09
  • Which of the following describes an optical shaft encoder? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F05
  • Which of the following device packages is a through-hole type? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E02
  • Which of the following digital logic families has the lowest power consumption? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C05
  • Which of the following indicates that a silicon NPN junction transistor is biased on? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A07
  • Which of the following is a common use of a Schottky diode? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B06
  • Which of the following is a Schottky barrier diode? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6B08
  • Which of the following is an advantage of BiCMOS logic? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C04
  • Which of the following is an aspect of the piezoelectric effect? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D03
  • Which of the following materials has the highest temperature stability of its magnetic characteristics? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D08
  • Which of the following materials supports the highest frequency of operation when used in MMICs? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E03
  • Which of the following noise figure values is typical of a low-noise UHF preamplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E05
  • Which of the following semiconductor materials contains excess free electrons? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A02
  • Which of these materials is most commonly used to create photoconductive devices? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F06
  • Which type of core material decreases inductance when inserted into a coil? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D11
  • Why are cores of inductors and transformers sometimes constructed of thin layers? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6D04
  • Why are DIP through-hole package ICs not typically used at UHF and higher frequencies? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E12
  • Why are optoisolators often used in conjunction with solid-state circuits that control 120 VAC circuits? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6F08
  • Why do CMOS digital integrated circuits have high immunity to noise on the input signal or power supply? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6C06
  • Why does a PN-junction diode not conduct current when reverse biased? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6A03
  • Why is gallium arsenide (GaAs) useful for semiconductor devices operating at UHF and higher frequencies? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E6E01

E7: Practical Circuits 88

  • For what portion of the signal cycle does each active element in a push-pull, Class AB amplifier conduct? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B01
  • How are the capacitors and inductors of a low-pass filter Pi-network arranged between the network’s input and output? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C01
  • How can an oscillator’s microphonic responses be reduced? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H07
  • How can unwanted ringing and audio instability be prevented in an op-amp audio filter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G05
  • How does a diode envelope detector function? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E10
  • How does a linear electronic voltage regulator work? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D01
  • How does a switchmode voltage regulator work? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D02
  • How does an impedance-matching circuit transform a complex impedance to a resistive impedance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C04
  • How does the gain of an ideal operational amplifier vary with frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G08
  • How frequently must an analog signal be sampled to be accurately reproduced? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F05
  • How is battery operating time calculated? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D09
  • How is positive feedback supplied in a Colpitts oscillator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H04
  • How is positive feedback supplied in a Pierce oscillator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H05
  • How many flip-flops are required to divide a signal frequency by 16? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A04
  • What are the characteristics of an elliptical filter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C06
  • What are the major spectral impurity components of direct digital synthesizers? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H11
  • What are the principal frequencies that appear at the output of a mixer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E08
  • What are three common oscillator circuits? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H01
  • What aspect of receiver analog-to-digital conversion determines the maximum receive bandwidth of a direct-sampling software defined radio (SDR)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F10
  • What can be done to prevent unwanted oscillations in an RF power amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B05
  • What circuit is required at the output of an RF switching amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B03
  • What device is used as a stable voltage reference? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D03
  • What does “positive logic” mean in reference to logic devices? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A11
  • What function is performed by a Fast Fourier Transform? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F07
  • What information is contained in the lookup table of a direct digital synthesizer (DDS)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H10
  • What is a characteristic of a grounded-grid amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B06
  • What is a characteristic of a monostable multivibrator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A06
  • What is a Class D amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B02
  • What is a crystal lattice filter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C09
  • What is a frequency discriminator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E03
  • What is a microphonic? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H02
  • What is a phase-locked loop? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H03
  • What is a truth table? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A10
  • What is added to an FM speech channel to boost the higher audio frequencies? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E05
  • What is an operational amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G12
  • What is characteristic of an emitter follower (or common collector) amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B09
  • What is meant by the term “baseband” in radio communications? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E07
  • What is meant by the term “op-amp input offset voltage”? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G04
  • What is meant by “direct sampling” in software defined radios? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F01
  • What is one way to produce a single-sideband phone signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E04
  • What is the dropout voltage of a linear voltage regulator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D12
  • What is the frequency response of a T-network with series capacitors and a shunt inductor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C02
  • What is the function of a decade counter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A02
  • What is the function of a reactance modulator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E02
  • What is the function of decimation? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F08
  • What is the function of taps in a digital signal processing filter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F13
  • What is the gain-bandwidth of an operational amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G06
  • What is the minimum number of bits required to sample a signal with a range of 1 volt at a resolution of 1 millivolt? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F06
  • What is the operating point of a Class A common emitter amplifier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B04
  • What is the purpose of a step-start circuit in a high-voltage power supply? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D15
  • What is the purpose of adding an inductor to a Pi-network to create a Pi-L-network? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C03
  • What is the purpose of an inverter connected to a solar panel output? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D11
  • What is the purpose of connecting equal-value resistors across power supply filter capacitors connected in series? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D14
  • What is the typical input impedance of an op-amp? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G03
  • What is the typical output impedance of an op-amp? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7G01
  • What kind of digital signal processing audio filter is used to remove unwanted noise from a received SSB signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F02
  • What logical operation does a NAND gate perform? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A07
  • What logical operation does an OR gate perform? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A08
  • What logical operation is performed by a two-input exclusive NOR gate? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A09
  • What occurs when the input signal levels to a mixer are too high? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E09
  • What sets the minimum detectable signal level for a direct-sampling software defined receiver in the absence of atmospheric or thermal noise? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F11
  • What type of digital signal processing filter is used to generate an SSB signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F03
  • What type of frequency synthesizer circuit uses a phase accumulator, lookup table, digital-to-analog converter, and a low-pass anti-alias filter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H09
  • Which circuit is bistable? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A01
  • Which describes a Pi-L network? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C07
  • Which filter type has ripple in the passband and a sharp cutoff? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C05
  • Which method generates an SSB signal using digital signal processing? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F04
  • Which of the following calculates power dissipated by a series linear voltage regulator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D13
  • Which of the following can be used to generate FM phone signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E01
  • Which of the following can divide the frequency of a pulse train by 2? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A03
  • Which of the following circuits continuously alternates between two states without an external clock signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7A05
  • Which of the following components can be used to reduce thermal drift in crystal oscillators? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H08
  • Which of the following describes a three-terminal voltage regulator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D04
  • Which of the following ensures that a crystal oscillator operates on the frequency specified by the crystal manufacturer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H12
  • Which of the following filters is used in a 2-meter band repeater duplexer? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C10
  • Which of the following is a technique for providing highly accurate and stable oscillators needed for microwave transmission and reception? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H13
  • Which of the following is generally true of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F12
  • Which of the following is most frequently used as a band-pass or notch filter in VHF and UHF transceivers? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C08
  • Which of the following is the likely result of using a Class C amplifier to amplify a single-sideband phone signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B07
  • Which of the following measures a filter’s ability to reject signals in adjacent channels? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7C11
  • Which of the following types of linear voltage regulator operates by loading the unregulated voltage source? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D05
  • Which of the following would allow a digital signal processing filter to create a sharper filter response? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F14
  • Which of these functions can be performed by a phase-locked loop? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7H06
  • Which type of detector is used for demodulating SSB signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E11
  • Why are switching amplifiers more efficient than linear amplifiers? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7B08
  • Why is a switching type power supply less expensive and lighter than an equivalent linear power supply? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7D10
  • Why is an anti-aliasing filter required in a decimator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7F09
  • Why is de-emphasis used in FM communications receivers? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E7E06

E8: Signals and Emissions 48

  • How can data rate be increased without increasing bandwidth? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C10
  • How does ARQ accomplish error correction? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C08
  • How does the modulation index of a phase-modulated emission vary with RF carrier frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B02
  • How many different input levels can be encoded by an analog-to-digital converter with 8-bit resolution? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A09
  • Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) is a technique used for which types of amateur communication? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B07
  • What are some of the differences between the Baudot digital code and ASCII? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D10
  • What describes orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B08
  • What determines the PEP-to-average power ratio of an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A07
  • What factors affect the bandwidth of a transmitted CW signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C12
  • What is a common cause of overmodulation of AFSK signals? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D07
  • What is considered an acceptable maximum IMD level for an idling PSK signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D09
  • What is described by the constellation diagram of a QAM or QPSK signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C13
  • What is deviation ratio? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B09
  • What is digital time division multiplexing? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B11
  • What is frequency division multiplexing (FDM)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B10
  • What is one advantage of using ASCII code for data communications? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D11
  • What is Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or QAM? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C01
  • What is the advantage of including parity bits in ASCII characters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D06
  • What is the approximate bandwidth of a 13-WPM International Morse Code transmission? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C05
  • What is the approximate ratio of PEP-to-average power in an unprocessed single-sideband phone signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A06
  • What is the bandwidth of a 4,800-Hz frequency shift, 9,600-baud ASCII FM transmission? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C07
  • What is the bandwidth of an FT8 signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C06
  • What is the benefit of making voltage measurements with a true-RMS calculating meter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A05
  • What is the definition of symbol rate in a digital transmission? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C02
  • What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3 kHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B05
  • What is the deviation ratio of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency swing of plus or minus 7.5 kHz if the highest modulation frequency is 3.5 kHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B06
  • What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum carrier deviation of plus or minus 6 kHz if the highest modulating frequency is 2 kHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B04
  • What is the modulation index of an FM phone signal having a maximum frequency deviation of 3000 Hz either side of the carrier frequency if the highest modulating frequency is 1000 Hz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B03
  • What is the modulation index of an FM signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8B01
  • What is the most common method of reducing key clicks? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D05
  • What is the primary effect of extremely short rise or fall time on a CW signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D04
  • What is the purpose of a low-pass filter used at the output of a digital-to-analog converter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A10
  • What is the relationship between symbol rate and baud? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C11
  • What is “dither” with respect to analog-to-digital converters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A04
  • What parameter evaluates distortion of an AFSK signal caused by excessive input audio levels? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D08
  • What spread spectrum communications technique uses a high-speed binary bit stream to shift the phase of an RF carrier? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D02
  • What technique do individual nodes use to form a mesh network? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C15
  • What technique minimizes the bandwidth of a PSK31 signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C04
  • What technique shows that a square wave is made up of a sine wave and its odd harmonics? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A01
  • What type of addresses do nodes have in a mesh network? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C14
  • Which describes spread spectrum frequency hopping? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D03
  • Which digital code allows only one bit to change between sequential code values? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C09
  • Which of the following describes a signal in the time domain? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A03
  • Which of the following is a measure of the quality of an analog-to-digital converter? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A11
  • Which of the following is a type of analog-to-digital conversion? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A02
  • Why are direct or flash conversion analog-to-digital converters used for a software defined radio? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8A08
  • Why are received spread spectrum signals resistant to interference? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8D01
  • Why should the phase of a PSK signal be changed at the zero crossing of the RF signal? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E8C03

E9: Antennas and Transmission Lines 85

  • Approximately how long is a Yagi’s driven element? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D05
  • How can the output voltage of a multiple-turn receiving loop antenna be increased? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H10
  • How can two linearly polarized Yagi antennas be used to produce circular polarization? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D02
  • How does parallel conductor transmission line compare to coaxial cable with a plastic dielectric? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F07
  • How does radiation resistance of a base-fed whip antenna change below its resonant frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D10
  • How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally polarized antenna vary with increasing height above ground? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C13
  • How does the radiation pattern of a horizontally-polarized antenna mounted above a long slope compare with the same antenna mounted above flat ground? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C14
  • How is a Smith chart normalized? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G08
  • How is the far-field elevation pattern of a vertically polarized antenna affected by being mounted over seawater versus soil? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C11
  • How much does the gain of an ideal parabolic reflector antenna increase when the operating frequency is doubled? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D01
  • How much gain does an antenna have compared to a half-wavelength dipole if it has 6 dB gain over an isotropic radiator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A12
  • In what units are the wavelength scales on a Smith chart calibrated? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G11
  • What antenna matching system matches coaxial cable to an antenna by connecting the shield to the center of the antenna and the conductor a fraction of a wavelength to one side? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E02
  • What are the two families of circles and arcs that make up a Smith chart? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G04
  • What challenge is presented by a small wire-loop antenna for direction finding? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H05
  • What do the arcs on a Smith chart represent? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G10
  • What does the term “ground gain” mean? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A05
  • What feature of a cardioid pattern antenna makes it useful for direction-finding antennas? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H11
  • What happens as the Q of an antenna increases? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D08
  • What happens to SWR bandwidth when one or more loading coils are used to resonate an electrically short antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D06
  • What happens to the radiation pattern of an unterminated long wire antenna as the wire length is increased? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C04
  • What impedance does a 1/2-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F04
  • What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F12
  • What impedance does a 1/4-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F09
  • What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is open at the far end? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F11
  • What impedance does a 1/8-wavelength transmission line present to an RF generator when the line is shorted at the far end? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F10
  • What indicates the correct value of terminating resistance for a Beverage antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H06
  • What is a disadvantage of decreasing the number of wire segments in an antenna model below 10 segments per half-wavelength? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9B11
  • What is a folded dipole antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C08
  • What is a use for a Wilkinson divider? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E08
  • What is an advantage of top loading an electrically short HF vertical antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D07
  • What is an isotropic radiator? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A01
  • What is antenna efficiency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A09
  • What is microstrip? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F05
  • What is receiving directivity factor (RDF)? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H03
  • What is the approximate feed point impedance at the center of a two-wire half-wave folded dipole antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C07
  • What is the approximate physical length of an air-insulated, parallel conductor transmission line that is electrically 1/2 wavelength long at 14.10 MHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F06
  • What is the difference in radiated power between a lossless antenna with gain and an isotropic radiator driven by the same power? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9B07
  • What is the effect of adding a terminating resistor to a rhombic or long-wire antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C06
  • What is the effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.8 dB duplexer loss, 1.2 dB circulator loss, and 7 dBi antenna gain? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A07
  • What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 150 watts transmitter power output, 2 dB feed line loss, 2.2 dB duplexer loss, and 7 dBd antenna gain? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A02
  • What is the effective radiated power (ERP) of a repeater station with 200 watts transmitter power output, 4 dB feed line loss, 3.2 dB duplexer loss, 0.8 dB circulator loss, and 10 dBd antenna gain? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A06
  • What is the far field of an antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9B08
  • What is the function of a Beverage antenna’s termination resistor? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H07
  • What is the function of a loading coil in an electrically short antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D09
  • What is the function of a sense antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H08
  • What is the most efficient location for a loading coil on an electrically short whip? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D03
  • What is the principle of a Method of Moments analysis? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9B10
  • What is the purpose of feeding an off-center-fed dipole (OCFD) between the center and one end instead of at the midpoint? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C05
  • What is the purpose of making a Yagi’s parasitic elements either longer or shorter than resonance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D12
  • What is the purpose of placing an electrostatic shield around a small-loop direction-finding antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H04
  • What is the purpose of the series capacitor in a gamma match? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E04
  • What is the purpose of using multiple driven elements connected through phasing lines? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E11
  • What is the velocity factor of a transmission line? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F01
  • What matching system uses a short length of transmission line connected in parallel with the feed line at or near the feed point? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E03
  • What parameter describes the interaction of a load and transmission line? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E07
  • What term describing total radiated power takes into account all gains and losses? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A03
  • What third family of circles is often added to a Smith chart during the process of designing impedance matching networks? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G09
  • What type of analysis is commonly used for modeling antennas? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9B09
  • What type of coordinate system is used in a Smith chart? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G02
  • What type of radiation pattern is created by a single-turn, terminated loop such as a pennant antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H09
  • What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed 180 degrees out of phase? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C01
  • What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/2-wavelength apart and fed in phase? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C03
  • What type of radiation pattern is created by two 1/4-wavelength vertical antennas spaced 1/4-wavelength apart and fed 90 degrees out of phase? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C02
  • What Yagi driven element feed point impedance is required to use a beta or hairpin matching system? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E05
  • When constructing a Beverage antenna, which of the following factors should be included in the design to achieve good performance at the desired frequency? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H01
  • Which frequency band has the smallest first Fresnel zone? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A08
  • Which is generally true for 160- and 80-meter receiving antennas? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9H02
  • Which matching system for Yagi antennas requires the driven element to be insulated from the boom? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E01
  • Which of the following can be calculated using a Smith chart? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G01
  • Which of the following describes a G5RV antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C09
  • Which of the following describes a Zepp antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C10
  • Which of the following describes an extended double Zepp antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9C12
  • Which of the following determines ground losses for a ground-mounted vertical antenna operating on HF? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A11
  • Which of the following factors affect the feed point impedance of an antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A04
  • Which of the following has the biggest effect on the velocity factor of a transmission line? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F02
  • Which of the following improves the efficiency of a ground-mounted quarter-wave vertical antenna? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9A10
  • Which of the following is a common use for a Smith chart? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G05
  • Which of the following is a significant difference between foam dielectric coaxial cable and solid dielectric coaxial cable, assuming all other parameters are the same? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F08
  • Which of the following is often determined using a Smith chart? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9G03
  • Which of the following is used to shunt feed a grounded tower at its base? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E09
  • Which of these transmission line impedances would be suitable for constructing a quarter-wave Q-section for matching a 100-ohm feed point impedance to a 50-ohm transmission line? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9E06
  • Why do most two-element Yagis with normal spacing have a reflector instead of a director? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D11
  • Why is the electrical length of a coaxial cable longer than its physical length? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9F03
  • Why should antenna loading coils have a high ratio of reactance to resistance? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E9D04

E0: Safety 12

  • Over what range of frequencies are the FCC human body RF exposure limits most restrictive? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A03
  • To what should lanyards be attached while climbing? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A11
  • What does SAR measure? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A08
  • What hazard is created by operating at microwave frequencies? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A05
  • What is meant by “100% tie-off” regarding tower safety? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A07
  • What is the primary function of an external earth connection or ground rod? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A01
  • When evaluating a site with multiple transmitters operating at the same time, the operators and licensees of which transmitters are responsible for mitigating over-exposure situations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A04
  • When evaluating RF exposure levels from your station at a neighbor’s home, what must you do? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A02
  • When must an RF exposure evaluation be performed on an amateur station operating on 80 meters? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A10
  • Where should a shock-absorbing lanyard be attached to a tower when working above ground? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A12
  • Which of the following types of equipment are exempt from RF exposure evaluations? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A09
  • Why are there separate electric (E) and magnetic (H) MPE limits at frequencies below 300 MHz? NCVEC 2024-2028 Extra pool, question E0A06

How this list was compiled: Questions, answer choices and keyed answers are from the 2024-2028 Amateur Extra Class (Element 4) question pool, which the National Conference of Volunteer Examiner Coordinators (NCVEC) Question Pool Committee released into the public domain. The file used is the current release, '2024-2028 Extra Class Question Pool and Syllabus Public Release with 4th Errata Feb 4 2026', from https://ncvec.org/index.php/2024-2028-extra-class-question-pool-release (read 2026-10-02). The file says the pool is effective July 1, 2024; the ARRL's question pools page (https://www.arrl.org/question-pools) said on 2026-10-02 that the Extra class pool is effective July 1, 2024 and valid until June 30, 2028. The exam format (50 questions, 37 correct to pass) is 47 CFR 97.503(c), and the elements an Amateur Extra Class license needs are 47 CFR 97.501(a), both read at https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/97.503 and https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/47/97.501 on 2026-10-02. Licence: public domain (NCVEC release)

How it works

The public pool is the study material, so this unofficial ham radio extra study guide holds 571 of the 599 questions of the 2024-2028 Extra Class pool, in use until June 30, 2028. Exam mode draws 50; 37 right passes.

Read the full guide

A ham extra class study guide by subelement

Ten subelements, E1 to E0: commission rules (6 exam questions), operating procedures (5), propagation (3), amateur practices (5), electrical principles (4), circuit components (6), practical circuits (8), signals and emissions (4), antennas and transmission lines (8) and safety (1). Start from, under the question, picks one.

What this bank leaves out

Twenty-eight questions point to one of the pool's ten figures and wait until the drawings are added, which leaves 571. The four questions the committee withdrew, E2A13, E4D05, E6D07 and E9E10, are no longer in the pool.

  • A ham radio extra license study guide printed before February 4, 2026 can still carry E4D05, which the fourth errata withdrew.
  • Most rules questions in E1 show the pool's own Part 97 reference in their source line.

Questions and answers

How many questions are on the ham radio Extra test, and how many can you miss?

Fifty questions, with 13 misses allowed. 47 CFR 97.503 sets the Element 4 pass mark at 37 correct, and every question comes from the public pool of 599 now in force.

Which Extra class question pool is in use now?

The 2024-2028 pool, effective July 1, 2024 and valid until June 30, 2028. Its fourth errata, of February 4, 2026, withdrew question E4D05.

Do I need the Technician and General exams as well?

An Amateur Extra Class license needs a pass, or credit, for Elements 2, 3 and 4 (47 CFR 97.501). Element 4 is this page. The Technician and General pools have their own pages.

Is there an extra class study guide PDF?

The question pool committee publishes the pool itself as a PDF and as a Word file, with its figures. On this page Print prints questions from the set you are on.

Is this Extra class practice test made of the real exam questions?

Yes, word for word. The committee releases the pool to the public domain, and examiners build each exam from it. This site has no connection with the FCC, the NCVEC or any volunteer examiner coordinator.