Topic 7.1: Contextualizing 19th-century perspectives and political developments 3
According to the course framework, European ideas and culture of this period were pulled between objectivity and scientific realism on one side and what on the other?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.1, key concept KC-3.6
According to the course framework, what did the breakdown of the Concert of Europe open the door to?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.1, key concept KC-3.4.II
According to the course framework, what kind of worldview did Europe turn toward after the revolutions of 1848?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.1, key concept KC-3.6.II
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Topic 7.2: Nationalism 12
According to the course framework, Zionism developed late in the 19th century as a response to what?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, historical development KC-3.3.I.G
The Compromise of 1867 turned the Austrian Empire into the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Which people's political power did it recognize?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, historical development KC-3.4.II.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867"
How did the Brothers Grimm, examples of nationalists in the framework, serve German national feeling?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "Brothers Grimm"
In the Dreyfus affair, which began in 1894, a Jewish captain in the French army was wrongly convicted of what?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "Dreyfus affair"
In which city did Theodor Herzl convene the First Zionist Congress in 1897?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.G; fact read in Wikipedia, "First Zionist Congress"
Karl Lueger founded and led the Christian Social Party, known for its populist and antisemitic politics. Of which city was he mayor?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "Karl Lueger"
Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte was elected president of France in 1848. How did he become Emperor Napoleon III in 1852?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, historical development KC-3.4.II.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Napoleon III"
What did Pan-Slavists seek?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "Pan-Slavism"
Which movement did Giuseppe Mazzini found in 1831 to work for a united Italian republic?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "Young Italy"
Which philosopher's Addresses to the German Nation of 1808 urged German nationalism in answer to the French occupation of German lands?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "Addresses to the German Nation"
Which three leaders does the framework name as a new generation of conservatives who drew on popular nationalism to build or reinforce the state?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, historical development KC-3.4.II.B
Which writer's open letter "J'Accuse…!", printed in a Paris newspaper in 1898, accused the French army of a cover-up in the Dreyfus affair?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.2, illustrative example of KC-3.3.I.F; fact read in Wikipedia, "J'Accuse…!"
Topic 7.3: National unification and diplomatic tensions 19
According to the course framework, Bismarck's alliances after 1871 were directed at isolating which power?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.C
According to the course framework, Italy was unified by Cavour's diplomatic strategies combined with whose military campaigns?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.A
According to the course framework, what did Bismarck's dismissal in 1890 eventually lead to?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.D
According to the course framework, what did the Crimean War demonstrate?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.II.A
In July 1870 the Prussian king met the French ambassador at Ems, and a report was sent to Bismarck. What did Bismarck do with it?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Ems Dispatch"
Prussia fought three wars on the way to German unification. In what order did it fight its opponents?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Unification of Germany"
The Reinsurance Treaty of 1887, which Germany did not renew in 1890, was an agreement with which power?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, illustrative example of KC-3.4.III.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Reinsurance Treaty"
What followed Prussia's defeat of Austria in 1866?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Austro-Prussian War"
What set off the Bosnian crisis of 1908?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, illustrative example of KC-3.4.III.E; fact read in Wikipedia, "Bosnian Crisis"
Where was the German Empire proclaimed in January 1871?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Proclamation of the German Empire"
Which Balkan state attacked its former allies Serbia and Greece in 1913 and began the Second Balkan War?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, illustrative example of KC-3.4.III.E; fact read in Wikipedia, "Second Balkan War"
Which power did the Congress of Berlin in 1878 allow to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, illustrative example of KC-3.4.III.E; fact read in Wikipedia, "Congress of Berlin"
Which power lost the Crimean War of 1853 to 1856?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.II.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Crimean War"
Which state did Garibaldi's Expedition of the Thousand conquer in 1860?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Expedition of the Thousand"
Which term names Bismarck's approach of basing policy on practical power and circumstances and not on ideals?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Realpolitik"
Which three states formed the Triple Alliance of 1882?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, illustrative example of KC-3.4.III.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Triple Alliance (1882)"
Who became the first king of a united Italy in 1861?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Victor Emmanuel II"
Whom did the Balkan League fight in the First Balkan War of 1912 to 1913?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, illustrative example of KC-3.4.III.E; fact read in Wikipedia, "First Balkan War"
With which ruler did Cavour make a secret agreement at Plombières in 1858?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.3, historical development KC-3.4.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Plombières Agreement"
Topic 7.4: Darwinism, Social Darwinism 5
According to the course framework, how did Darwin's work relate to Social Darwinism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.4, historical development KC-3.6.II.B
In which book of 1871 did Darwin apply his theory to how the human species developed?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.4, historical development KC-3.6.II.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex"
Which mechanism of biological change did Charles Darwin set out in On the Origin of Species in 1859?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.4, historical development KC-3.6.II.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "On the Origin of Species"
Who coined the phrase "survival of the fittest", later borrowed by Social Darwinists?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.4, historical development KC-3.6.II.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Survival of the fittest"
Whose essay on population helped Darwin arrive at the idea of natural selection?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.4, historical development KC-3.6.II.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Charles Darwin"
Topic 7.5: The age of progress and modernity 11
According to the course framework, values came to seem relative and knowledge less objective, which led to what in the later 19th century?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.III
According to the course framework, what did Freudian psychology emphasize in its account of human nature?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.III.B
According to the course framework, which developments shook the standing of Newtonian physics as the objective picture of nature?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.III.C
Friedrich Nietzsche, Georges Sorel and Henri Bergson are the framework's examples of philosophers who emphasized what?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.III.A
How does the course framework define positivism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.II.A
In which book of 1899 did Sigmund Freud introduce his theory of the unconscious through the interpretation of dreams?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "The Interpretation of Dreams"
In which year did Albert Einstein publish his special theory of relativity?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.III.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Annus mirabilis papers"
What did Max Planck propose in December 1900?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, illustrative example of KC-3.6.III.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Max Planck"
Which French thinker is regarded as the founder of positivism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, historical development KC-3.6.II.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Auguste Comte"
Which philosopher wrote Thus Spoke Zarathustra and Beyond Good and Evil?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, illustrative example of KC-3.6.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Friedrich Nietzsche"
Which philosopher's Creative Evolution of 1907 explained the development of life by a vital impulse, the élan vital?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.5, illustrative example of KC-3.6.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Creative Evolution (book)"
Topic 7.6: New imperialism: motivations and methods 10
According to the course framework, what did Europeans search for in Africa and Asia on behalf of their industries?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, historical development KC-3.5.I.B
According to the course framework, what fostered imperial expansion and the competition for colonies?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, historical development KC-3.5.I.A
How does the framework describe the European colonies in the Americas during the age of the new imperialism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, historical development KC-3.5.I.B
Louis Pasteur is tied to which advance in medicine that the framework lists?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, illustrative example of KC-3.5.II.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Louis Pasteur"
The Minié ball, the breech-loading rifle and the machine gun are the framework's examples of what?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, historical development KC-3.5.II.A
Which French phrase named the claim that empire brought civilization to colonized peoples?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, illustrative example of KC-3.5.I.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Civilizing mission"
Which medicine, an example in the framework, did Europeans use against malaria in Africa and Asia?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, illustrative example of KC-3.5.II.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Quinine"
Which two African states were still independent of European rule in 1914?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, historical development KC-3.5.I; fact read in Wikipedia, "Scramble for Africa"
Which waterway, opened in 1869, connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, historical development KC-3.5.II.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Suez Canal"
Who wrote the 1899 poem "The White Man's Burden", which urged a nation to take up empire?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.6, illustrative example of KC-3.5.I.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "The White Man's Burden"
Topic 7.7: Imperialism's global effects 13
According to the course framework, how did imperial encounters with non-European peoples affect European artists and writers?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, historical development KC-3.5.III.B
According to the course framework, how did non-Europeans, especially those educated in Western values, challenge European imperialism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, historical development KC-3.5.III.C
After the Indian rebellion of 1857, which the framework calls the Sepoy Mutiny, who took over the government of India from the East India Company?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III; fact read in Wikipedia, "Indian Rebellion of 1857"
At which battle of 1879 did a Zulu army defeat a British force?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III; fact read in Wikipedia, "Battle of Isandlwana"
The Congo Reform Association, founded in 1904, campaigned against abuses in the Congo Free State. Which king ruled that colony as his own?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Congo Reform Association"
In the First Moroccan Crisis of 1905 to 1906, which power challenged France's growing control over Morocco?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, historical development KC-3.5.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "First Moroccan Crisis"
Japan's Meiji Restoration of 1868 is the framework's example of which response to European imperialism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Meiji Restoration"
What did the Berlin Conference of 1884 to 1885 do?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Berlin Conference"
What did the Pan-German League, founded in 1891, press for?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Pan-German League"
What was China's Boxer Rebellion of 1899 to 1901?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III; fact read in Wikipedia, "Boxer Rebellion"
Which organization, founded in 1885, became the leading voice of Indian nationalism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.C; fact read in Wikipedia, "Indian National Congress"
Which Russian revolutionary argued in a book written in 1916 that imperialism was the highest stage of capitalism?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism"
Which two powers faced each other at Fashoda on the upper Nile in 1898?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.7, illustrative example of KC-3.5.III.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Fashoda Incident"
Topic 7.8: 19th-century culture and arts 13
According to the course framework, Romanticism broke with Neoclassical forms and with rationalism. What did it emphasize more?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, historical development KC-3.6.I
According to the course framework, why did modern art often provoke its audiences?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, historical development KC-3.6.III.D
Caspar David Friedrich, one of the Romantic artists the framework lists, was chiefly a painter of what?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.I.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Caspar David Friedrich"
George Eliot, the Realist author of Middlemarch, was the pen name of whom?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.II.D; fact read in Wikipedia, "George Eliot"
Gustave Courbet's The Stone Breakers and Jean-François Millet's The Gleaners are Realist paintings. What do they show?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, historical development KC-3.6.II.D; facts read in Wikipedia, "The Stone Breakers" and "The Gleaners"
Richard Wagner's cycle of four operas, The Ring of the Nibelung, draws on what?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.I.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Der Ring des Nibelungen"
What is Émile Zola's novel Germinal, published in 1885, about?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.II.D; fact read in Wikipedia, "Germinal (novel)"
Which movement in modern art did Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque begin in the early 20th century?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.III.D; fact read in Wikipedia, "Cubism"
Which painting gave Impressionism its name?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.III.D; fact read in Wikipedia, "Impression, Sunrise"
Which revolution does Eugène Delacroix's painting Liberty Leading the People commemorate?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.I.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Liberty Leading the People"
Which Romantic composer wrote mazurkas and polonaises for the piano, drawing on the dances of his native Poland?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.I.A; fact read in Wikipedia, "Frédéric Chopin"
Which Romantic writer published the novel Frankenstein in 1818?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.I.B; fact read in Wikipedia, "Frankenstein"
Which Russian Realist author wrote War and Peace?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.8, illustrative example of KC-3.6.II.D; fact read in Wikipedia, "War and Peace"
Topic 7.9: Causation in 19th-century perspectives and political developments 4
According to the course framework, nationalist tensions in which region pulled the Great Powers into crisis after crisis before World War I?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.9, historical development KC-3.4.III.E
According to the course framework, the intensification of European global control came with what effect among the Great Powers?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.9, key concept KC-3.5
According to the course framework, what did the unification of Italy and Germany transform?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.9, key concept KC-3.4.III
According to the course framework, what facilitated European control of global empires?College Board, AP European History Course and Exam Description, topic 7.9, key concept KC-3.5.II
How this list was compiled: Our own questions, written to Unit 7 (19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments, c. 1815 to c. 1914) of the College Board's AP European History Course and Exam Description, effective fall 2026, https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-european-history-course-and-exam-description.pdf, read 2026-10-13: topics 7.1 to 7.9. Each answer rests on a historical development statement of the course description or on a sentence of the Wikipedia article named under the question, read on 2026-10-13. Licence: Own work. Short quotations from the public documents named under each question.
How it works
This AP European History Unit 7 practice test has 90 questions of our own on 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments, 1815 to 1914. It is unofficial and not affiliated with the College Board, which owns AP.
Read the full guide
What Unit 7 covers
The College Board's course description, effective fall 2026 and read October 13, 2026, gives Unit 7 nine topics and no weights among them, so the spread is ours: nationalism (12 questions), national unification and diplomatic tensions (19), Darwinism (5), progress and modernity (11), the motives and methods of the new imperialism (10), its global effects (13) and culture and the arts (13). Context and causation have 3 and 4.
Where the answers come from
27 answers rest on a statement of the course description, named under the question. The other 63 are facts about a person, a treaty, a book or a painting of the unit, each read in the Wikipedia article named.
Pair each unification with its method: Cavour's diplomacy and Garibaldi's volunteers for Italy, Bismarck's three wars for Germany.
Keep Bismarck's alliances in order: Three Emperors' League, Triple Alliance, Reinsurance Treaty, then his dismissal in 1890.
Sort each artist and writer under Romantic, Realist or modern, and learn one work for each name.
Questions and answers
What is Unit 7 in AP European History?
19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments, about 1815 to 1914: nationalism, the unification of Italy and Germany, Darwin and the new science, the new imperialism, and art from Romanticism to Cubism. It is the seventh of nine units.
How much of the AP Euro exam is Unit 7?
Between 10 and 15%, by the College Board's course page, the same weighting as each of the other eight units. The course description suggests about 15 class periods for Unit 7.
What is the difference between Unit 6 and Unit 7 in AP Euro?
Both run from about 1815 to 1914. Unit 6 follows industrialization, its social effects, and the ideologies and reforms that answered it. Unit 7 follows nationalism, the new states and their alliances, imperialism, science and the arts.
Is this the AP Euro Unit 7 progress check?
No. The College Board's Progress Check for Unit 7, about 20 multiple-choice questions with short-answer and document-based parts by the course description, is assigned by teachers in AP Classroom. These questions are our own.